Oxypropylated esters of sulfopolycarboxylic acids



Patented May 25, 1954 CROSS RWEHWCE SEARCH ROOM OXYPROPYLATED ESTERS OF SULFO- POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS Melvin De G-roote, University City, Mo., assignor to Petrolite Corporation, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application January 29, 1951, Serial No. 208,442

7 Claims. 1

The present invention is concerned with certain new products, compounds or compositions of matter which are essentially ester salts of a tribasic acid in which two carboxyls appear in ester form and a sulfo radical appears in salt form. Such compounds are derived preferably by reaction between three types of reagents; (a) water-insoluble and kerosene-soluble polypropylene glycol ethers derived from alcohols having less than 8 uninterrupted carbon atoms in any single radical and generally of a molecular weight range of 750 to approximately 3,000; (b) a dicarboxy compound selected from the class consisting of maleic acid (or anhydride), citraconic acid (or anhydride), and fumaric acid; and (c) an alkali metal bisulfite such as sodium bisulfite or potassium bisulfite.

The present application is a continuation-inpart of my copending application, Serial No.

l86,683, filed Sept. 25, 1950, now Patent 2,602,056.

The preparation of the compounds or products previously described involves substantially two steps: (a) Esteriflcation between two moles of the polypropylene glycol ether and one mole of a dicarboxy compound such as maleic anhydride, and (1)) reaction of such ester with a suitable alkali metal bisulfite such as sodium bisulfite.

More specifically the present invention is concerned with certain hydrophile products of the kind described, Said hydrophile synthetic products being characterized by'the following formula:

is the divalent radical of an unsaturated dicarboxy acid selected from the class consisting of maleic acid, fumaric acid, and citraconic acid, and n is a whole number varying from 12 to 80; R is a hydrocarbon radical having less than 8 carbon atoms; and with the further proviso that the polypropylene glycol ether prior to esterification be water-insoluble and kerosene-soluble.

In the above formula the alkali metal cation is shown as sodium which is the cheapest and most readily available. Needless to say, any other alkali metal cation, such as potassium, may be employed in the form of potassium bisulfite and is included in the hereto attached claims as the obvious chemical equivalent. Similarly, ammonium bisulfite may be employed instead of sodium or potassium bisulfite. This applies also to a bisulfiteof various organic bases provided, of course, that such bases prior to forming a sulfite are asbasic as ammonia and that the sulfite is water-soluble. All these are the obvious functional equivalents of sodium bisulfite.

The glycol ethers can be obtained by a number of procedures as exemplified by the following: (a) subject the monohydric compound, such as methyl, ethyl or propyl alcohol to oxypropylation, or (b) prepare the polypropylene glycol or obtain it commercially and then subject it to etherization. Various monohydroxylated compounds may be used, such as an alcohol, phenol, phenoxyalkanol, or the like, free from any radical having uninterrupted 8 carbon atoms or more. Such compound may be reacted with propylene oxide so as to obtain a high molal alcohol ether or glycol ether.

Suitable monohydric materials include the usual aliphatic alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, etc. Also there are included the phenols such as hydroxybenzene and cresol. Similarly, the hydrogenated derivatives of such phenols, i. e., the alicyclic alcohols, are included. Benzyl alcohol and hydrogenated benzyl alcohol may be used. Other alcohols which can be employed include tetra-hydropyran-2- methanol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. My preference is' to use aliphatic alcohols having at least 3 carbon atoms and preferably being water-soluble. This includes propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, or amyl alcohol. In the case of butyl and amyl alcohols some of the isomers are water-soluble to the extent that they show solubility of a few percent at room temperature. Reference to the hydrocarbon group of such alcohols includes, of course, the derivatives of tetrahydropyran-2-methano1 and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol even though there is an oxygen atom present. For the present purpose such radicals act as if they were entirely hydrocarbon in nature insofar that the presence of the oxygen atom contributes no objectionable property.

The oxypropylation, or for that matter the treatment of such monohydric compounds with any alkylene oxide and particularly ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, is well known. It is preferably conducted in the presence of an alka line catalyst and a residual catalyst is preferably permitted to remain in the mass at the end of the reaction in order to catalyze subsequent treatment with glycide.

Briefly, when a monohydric alcohol or other monohydric reactant having less than 8 carbon atoms in any single radical may be indicated thus:

R'OH. Reacting such monohydric alcohol with propylene oxide the resultant ether alcohol may be indicated thus:

If for sake of simplicity the alcohol selected for oxypropylation is isopropyl alcohol the comparable derivative is indicated thus:

It has been pointed out previously that such monohydric ether alcohols must be of fairly high molecular weight and thus the value of n in the two preceding formulas is within the range of approximately 12 to 80. My preference is that the molecular weight of the product at this stage, i. e., prior to treatment with glycide, be within the range or 2000 to 3000. Such ether alcohols can be obtained by other means which are well known. For instance, they are commercially available, polypropylene glycol having molecular weights within the range of 1,000 to 3,000, or even higher. Such products can, of course, be etherized with suitable reactants such as dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methylbenzene sulionate, ethylbenzene sulfonate, propylbenzene 'sulfonate, or the like, to yield the corresponding ether alcohol. Other procedures are known also such as oxypropylation of the chlorohydrin fol lowed by treatment with an alkoxide, or conversion of the glycol into an alkoxide, followed by treatment with an organic chloride, such as benzylchloride or allylchloride. It is immaterial how such glycol ethers or ether alcohols are obtained.

Previous reference has been made to the use of certain monohydric compounds as initial raw materials. Examples are aliphatic alcohols such as methyl, ethyl, butyl alcohol, and the like. Some of these monohyd'ric compounds are obtainable commercially after treatment with pro- .pylene oxide, for example. Reference is made to certain glycol ethers obtained by treating methyl, ethyl or isopropyl and'normal butyl alcohol with 1, 2 or 3, or more moles of propylene oxide. Needless to say, these products are equally satisfactory as starting materials and it simply means that the oxypropylation step 'is shortened.

For that matter similar materials are obtainable such as certain low molal m'ethoxy polyethyleneglycols as illustrated by ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol ethylbutyl ether, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, ethylene glycol .monobenzyl ether, diethylene glycol 'monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.

Similarly, products could be obtained from butylene oxide except for the expense of this reagent or from a mixture of ethylene and propylene oxide. Obviously there is a limit to the amount of ethylene'oxide that can be present for the reason that the monohydric compound on oxypropylation should become water-insoluble at an actual molecular weight range of 1,000 to 2,000, and in many instances at less than 1,000. Likewise, it is preferable that the compound become kerosene-soluble at an actual molecular weight range of 500 to 700 on up. The presence 'of more than a few "ethylene oxide radicals, of

course, prevents water-insolubility and prevents 2,679,526 4 kerosene-solubility. The number presen can vary, of course, with the terminal group and a degree of oxypropylation but in most cases would be comparatively small, i. e., less than 10 per molecule. In most cases, however, one might as well start with the initial monohydric material and subject it to oxypropylation.

For a number of well known reasons equipment, whether laboratory size, semi-pilot plant size,

pilot plant size, or large scale size, is not as a rule designed for a particular alkylene oxide. Invariably and inevitably, however, or particularly in the case of laboratory equipment and pilot plant size equipment the design is such as to use any of the customarily available alkylene oxide, i. e., ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, epichlorohydrin, styrene oxide, etc. In the subsequent description of the equipment it becomes obvious that it is adapted for oxyethylation as well as oxypropylation.

Oxypropylations are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, not only in regard to presence or absence of catalyst, and the kind of catalyst, but also in regard to the time'of reaction, temperature of reaction, speed of reaction, pressure during reaction, etc. For instance, oxyalkylations can be conducted at temperatures up to approximately 200 C. with pressures in about the same range up to about 200 pounds per square inch. They can be conducted also at temperatures approximating the boiling point of water or slightly above, as for example to C. Under such circumstances the pressure will be less than 30 pounds per square inch unless some special procedure is employed as is sometimes the case, to wit, keeping an atmosphere of inert gas such as nitrogen in the vessel during the reaction. Such low-temperature-low reaction rate oxypropylations have been described very completely in U. S. Patent No. 2,448,664, to H. R. Fife et al., dated September 7, 1948. Low temperature, low pressure oxypropylations are particularly desirable where the compound being subjected to oxypropylation contains one, two or three points of reaction only, such as monohydric alcohols, glycols and triols.

Since low pressure-low temperature reaction speed oxypropylations require considerable time, for instance, 1 to '7 days of 24 hours each, to com- .plete the reaction they are conducted as a rule,

whether on a laboratory scale, pilot plant scale, or large scale, so as to operate automatically. The prior figure of seven days applies especially to large-scale operations. I have used conventional equipment with two added automatic features; (a) a solenoid controlled value which shuts off the propylene oxide in event that the temperature gets outside a predetermined and set range, for instance, 95 to 120 (3., and (b) another solenoid valve which shuts ofi the propylene oxide (or for that matter ethylene oxide if it'is being used) if the pressure gets beyond a predetermined range, such as 25 to 35 pounds. Otherwise, the equipment is substantially the same as is commonly employed for this purpose where the pressure of reaction is higher, speed of reaction is higher, and time of reaction is much shorter. In such instances such automatic controls are not necessarily used.

Thus, in preparing the various examples I have found it particularly advantageous to use laboratory equipment or pilot plant which is designed to permit continuous oxyalkylation whether it be oxypropylation or oxyethylation. With certain obvious changes the equipment can be used also to permit oxyalkylation involving the use of glycide where no pressure is involved except the vapor pressure of a solvent, it any, which may have been used as a diluent.

As previously pointed out the method of using propylene oxide is the same as ethylene oxide. This point is emphasized only for the reason that the apparatus is so designed and constructed as to use either oxide.

The oxypropylation procedure employed in the preparation of the oxyalkylated derivatives has been uniformly the same, particularly in light of the fact that a continuous automatically-controlled procedure was employed. In this procedure the autoclave was a conventional autoclave made of stainless steel and having a capacity of approximately gallons and a working pressure of one thousand pounds gauge pressure. This pressure obviously is far beyond any requirement as far as propylene oxide goes unless there is a reaction of explosive violence involved due to accident. The autoclave was equipped with the conventional devices and openings, such as the variable-speed stirrer operating at speeds from 50 R. P. M. to 500 R. P. M.; thermometer well and thermocouple for mechanical thermometer; emptying outlet; pressure gauge, manual vent line; charge hole for initial reactant; at least one connection for introducing the alkylene oxide, such as propylene oxide or ethylene oxide, to the bottom of the autoclave; along with suitable devices for both cooling and heating the autoclave, such as a cooling jacket, and, preferably, coils in addition thereto, with the jacket so arranged that it is suitable for heating with steam or cooling with water and further equipped with electrical heating devices. Such autoclaves are, of course, in essence small-scale replicas of the usual conventional autoclave used in oxyalkylation procedures. In some instances in exploratory preparations an autoclave having a smaller capacity, for instance, approximately 3 /2 liters in one case and about 1% gallons in another case, was used.

I Continuous operation, or substantially continuous operation, was achieved by the use of a separate container to hold the 'alkylene oxide being employed, particularly propylene oxide. In conjunction with the smaller autoclaves, the container consists essentially of a laboratory bomb having a capacity of about one-half gallon, or somewhat in excess thereof. In some instances a larger bomb was used, to wit, one having a capacity of about one gallon. This bomb was equipped, also, with an inlet for charging, and an eductor tube going to the bottom of the container so as to permit discharging of alkylene oxide in the liquid phase to the autoclave. A bomb having a capacity of about 60 pounds was used in connection with the 15-gallon autoclave. Other conventional equipment consists, of course, of the I rupture disc, pressure gauge, sight feed glass,

thermometer connection for nitrogen for pressuring bomb, etc. The bomb was placed on a scale during use. The connections between the bomb and the autoclave were flexible stainless steel hose or tubing so that continuous weighings could be made without breaking or making any connections. This applies also to the nitrogen line, which was used to pressure the bomb reservoir. To the extent that it was required, any other usual conventional procedure or addition which provided greater safety was used, of course, such as safety glass protective screens, etc.

Attention is directed again to what has been said previously in regard to automatic controls which shut off the propylene oxide in event temperature of reaction passes out of the predetermined range or if pressure in the autoclave passes out of predetermined range.

With this particular arrangement practically all oxypropylations become uniform in that the reaction temperature was held within a few degrees of any selected point, for instance, if C. was selected as the operating temperature the maximum point would be at the most C. or 112 0., and the lower point would be 95 or possibly 98 C. Similarly, the pressure was held at approximately 30 pounds within a 5-pound variation one way or the other, but might drop to practically zero, especially where no solvent such as xylene is employed. The speed of reaction was comparatively slow under such conditions as compared with oxyalkylations at 200 C. Numerous reactions were conducted in which the time varied from one day (24 hours) up to three days (72 hours), for completion of the final member of a series. In some instances the reaction may take place in considerably less time, i. e., 24 hours or less, as far as a partial oxypropylation is concerned. The minimum time recorded was about a 3-hour period in a single step. Reactions indicated as being complete in 10 hours may have been complete in a lesser period of time in light of the automatic equipment employed. This applies also where the reactions were complete in a shorter period of time, for instance, 4 to 5 hours. In the addition of propylene oxide, in the autoclave equipment as far as possible the valves were set so all the propylene oxide if fed continuously would be added at a rate so that the predetermined amount would react within the first 15 hours of the 24hour period or two-thirds of any shorter period. This meant that if the reaction was interrupted automatically for a period of time for pressure to drop or temperature to drop the predetermined amount of oxide would still be added in most instances well within the predetermined time period. Sometimes where the addition was a comparatively small amount in a 10-hour period there would be an unquestionable speeding up of the reaction, by simply repeating the examples and using 3, 4, or 5 hours instead of 10 hours.

When operating at a comparatively high temperature, for instance, between 150 to 200 C., an unreacted alkylene oxide such as propylene oxide, makes its presence felt in the increase in pressure or the consistency of a higher pressure. However, at a low enough temperature it may happen that the propylene oxide goes in as a liquid. If so, and if it remains "unreacted there is, of course, an inherent danger and appropriate steps must be taken to safeguard against this possibility; if need be a sample must be withdrawn and examined for unreacted propylene oxide. One obvious procedure, of course, is to oxypropylate at a modestly higher temperature, for instance, at to C. Unreacted oxide aflects determination of the acetyl or hydroxyl value of the hydroxylated compound obtained.

The higher the molecular weight of the compound, i. e., towards the latter stages of reaction, the longer the time required to add a given amount of oxide. One possible explanation is that the molecule, being larger, the opportunity for random reaction is decreased. inversely, the lower the molecular weight the faster the reaction takes place. For this reason, sometimes at least, increasing the concentration of the catalyst does not appreciably speed up the reaction, particu larlywhen the product subjected. to oxyalkylation '---has a comparatively high molecular weight. However, as has been pointed out previously,

operating at a low pressure and a low temperatureeven in large scale operations as much as a week or ten days time may lapse to obtain some of the higher molecular weight derivatives from mo-nohydric or dihydric materials. J Ina number of operationsthe counterbalance the final addition of the last propylene oxide and thereafter the operation was shut down. This particular device is particularly suitable for use onlarger equipment than laboratory size auto-" claves, to wit, on semi-pilot plant or pilot plant size, as Well as on large scale size. This final stirring period is intended to avoid the presence of unreaoted oxide. 7

In this sort of operation, of course, the tem.--

perature range was controlled automatically by ,either use of cooling water, steam, or electrical heat, so as to raise or lower the temperature.

The pressuring of the propylene oxide into the .1 reaction vessel was also automatic insofar that .the feed stream was set for a slow continuous run which was shut off in case the pressure 'passed a predetermined point as previously set out. All the points of design, construction, etc.,

were conventional including the gases, check valves and entire equipment. As far as I am aware at least two firms, and possibly three, specialize in autoclave equipment such as I have employed in the laboratory, and are prepared to furnish equipment of this same kind. Similarly pilot plant equipment is available. This point is simply made as a precaution in the direction of safety. Oxyalkylations, particularly involving ethylene oxide, ,glycide, propylene oxide, etc., should not :be conducted except in equipment specifically designed for the purpose.

Example 1a The monohydrio compound employed was isopropyl alcohol which was substantially anhydrous. In the initial oxypropylation this ma- .terial was reacted with propylene oxide in the ratio of 20 moles of propylene oxide for one mole of the alcohol. The autoclave employed had a capacity of 15 gallons or about 120 poundsof reaction mass. The speed of the stirrer could be varied from 150 to 350 R. P. M. 3 pounds-I of isopropyl alcohol was charged into the autoclave along'with one pound of sodium hydroxide. The reaction pot was flushed out with nitrogen. The

autoclave was sealed and the automatic devices adjusted and set for injecting'58 pounds of propylene oxide in '7 hours with an allowanceof another hour for stirring to insure completeness of reaction. The pressure regulator was set for a maximum of 35 pounds per square inch. This meant that'the bulk of the reaction could take place, and probably did take place, at a comparatively lower pressure. This comparatively lowpressure was the result of the fact that considerable catalyst was present. The propylene oxide was added at the rate of about 8 pounds per hour. More important, the selected tem- -pera'ture range was 205 to 215 F. (about the boiling point of water). The initial introduction BEST AVAlLABLE COP.

of propylene oxide was not started until the'heating devices had raised-the temperature to about the boiling point. of water. 1 At the completion of the reaction thetm'olecularweight,based on a hydroxyl value determination, was '723 compared with a theoretical molecular weight of 1220.

The final productwas water-soluble ordispersible in xylene but .not soluble in kerosene, or at least the bulk of the compound was not. soluble in kerosene.

This batch of 61 pounds, except for a small amount withdrawn as a sample, was divided'into 5 equal portions and subsequently subjected to 'further oxypropylation as described in Examples 2a to Go, inclusive.

Example 2a In this instance a 5-gallon autoclave was .used

instead of a 15-gallon autoclave. The'equipment and design of the 5-gallon autoclave-was the same as that of the l5-gallon autoclave,

The same procedure was employed as in Example la, preceding, except that the initial reactantwas 12.2 pounds of the oxypropylated derivative described as Example 10., preceding. To this mixture there was added 4 ounces of caustic soda. The time period was approximately 1 hours with an added 45 minutes for stirring. The amount of oxide added was 11.6 pounds.

The molecular weight, based on hydroxyl value, was 1060, compared with a theoretical molecular weight of 2380.

The conditions of temperature and pressure were substantially the same as in Example 1a, preceding. The product waswater-insoluble, xylene-soluble and kerosene-soluble. This statement applies also to the next four examples and will not be repeated.

Incidentally, the appearance of all these products varied from rather viscous, colorless or straw-colored compounds, to others having an amber tint. Those of the highest molecular weight would hardly fiow at ordinary temperature or at least were rather viscous. For convenience, I have stored samples in wide-mouth cans. This applies to all the various samples herein described and this statement will 'not'be repeated.

Also, what is said in regard to color and viscosity applies to the examples after treatment with glycide as described in Part 2.

Example 30,

The same procedure was followed as in Example 2a, preceding, i. e., the initial charge was 12.2 pounds of the product identified as Example 1a, preceding. The amount of propylene oxide added was 35.2 pounds. The amount of alkaline catalyst added was 6 ounces. The oxypropylation in this particular instance and in the remaining three examples, was conducted in the 20-gallon pared with a'theoretical molecular weightof 3540. The conditions of temperature and pressure were all the same as in'the previous examples and, as a matter of fact, apply to all the subsequent examples in this series, 1. e., Examples 4a through 6a, so thisv information will not be repeated.

Example 4a.

The initial reactant was the same as in the seer AVAlLABLE co two preceding Examples 2a and 3a, 1. e., 12.2 pounds of the product identified as Example 1a, preceding. The amount of propylene oxide added was 34 pounds. The amount of alkaline catalyst employed was 9 ounces. The time required to add the propylene oxide was 4 /2 hours with an allowance of 1% hours for stirring to insure completion of reaction.

The molecular weight, based on hydroxyl number determination was 1813 compared with a theoretical molecular weight of 4700.

Example 5a based on hydroxy number of 2200 compared with a theoretical molecular weight of 5860.

Example 6a The same procedure was followed as in Example 5a, preceding. The initial reactant was 12.2 pounds of the product identified as Example 111, preceding. The amount of propylene oxide added was 58 pounds. The amount of catalyst was one pound of caustic soda. The propylene oxide was added in a 7 /2 hour period with 2 hours added for stirring to insure completeness of reaction. The molecular weight of the product, based on a hydroxyl value determination, was 2460, and based on a theoretical molecular weight it was 7020.

The same procedure was employed in connection with other monohydric compounds, such as n-butanol and n-hexanol. The characteristics of the products were the same except that there may have been a slight difierence in that in the first state the product showed a trifle less watersolubility and a little greater xylene-solubility than in Example 1a.

Particular reference is made to comparable Example 7a derived from butanol and Example 13a. derived from hexanol, as noted in following Table 1. Table 1 includes data in regard to EX amples 1a through 6a, and also examples 7a through 12a derived from n-butanol and EX- amples 13a through 18a derived from hexanol.

In the following table all examples were conducted in exactly the same molal ratio as in the first series, the only difference being as follows: In the case of butanol the initial reaction involved 3.7 pounds of butanol instead of 3 pounds as in the case of isopropanol. "The initial reaction mass was broken into five parts of approximately 12.4 pounds each instead of 12.2 pounds as in the series above described. The amount of oxide added, the amount of catalyst added, the time factor, temperature factor, pressure factor, etc., wer all substantially identical within ability to repeat two series as inthe case of Examples 1a through 6a.

The same slight modification applies to Examples 13a through 18a. In other words, 5.1 pounds of hexanol were employed instead of 3 pounds of isopropanol. Similarly, this initial oxypropylation was broken into five parts of approximately 12.6 pounds each which was employed instead of the 12.2 pounds in the first series, and 12.4 pounds in the second series. Here again all the conditions of oxypropylation were substantially the same as in series 111 through 6a.

Although caustic soda was used in the above oxypropylation needless to say any other suitable catalyst, such as sodium methylate, caustic potash, or the like, could have been employed equally satisfactorily.

Speaking of insolubility in water or solubility in kerosene and solubility test can be made simply by shaking small amounts of the materials in a test tube with water, for instance, using 1% to 5% approximately based on the amount of water present.

Needless to say, there is no complete conversion of propylene oxide into the desired hydroxylated compounds. This is indicated by the fact that the theoretical molecular weight based on a statistical average is greater than the molecular weight calculated by usual methods on basis of acetyl or hydroxyl value. Actually, there is no completely satisfactory method for determining molecular weights of these types of compounds with a high degree of accuracy when the molecular weights exceed 1,000 or 2,000. In some instances the acetyl value or hydroxyl value serves as satisfactorily as an index to the molecular Weight as any other procedure, subject to the above limitations, and especially in the higher molecular weight range. If any difiiculty is'encountered in the manufacture of the esters the stoichiometrical amount of acid or acid compound should be taken which corresponds to the indicated acetyl or hydroxyl value. This matter has been discussed in the literature and is a matter of common knowledge and requires no further elaboration. In fact, it is illustrated by some of the examples appearing in the patent previously mentioned.

In order to afford an opportunity for comparison with the same compounds prepared from polypropylene glycol instead of polypropylene glycol ethers it has been considered advantageous to select such ethers which correspond in molecular weight to some of the readily available polypropylene glycols. This is particularly true in regard to the methyl ethers and the propyl ethers. The procedure is illustrated by the following example.

Ezrample 1b In a reaction flask there were placed 8 grams of maleic anhydride, 311 grams of the propyl ether of a polypropylene glycol corresponding to BEST AVAILABLE COP.

polypropylenerglycol2025.. .The molalpir'atio was-:- two moles of the glycolether. to onezmole'ofrthe" anhydride. Approximately 1% of toluene-sub.

ionic acid. was'added,;based on the weight of the;

glycol ether. In this instance three grams of the sulfonic acid were used. There was added also 50 cc. of xylene. Heat was applied and refluxing permitted to continue for about 3 hours. The maximum temperature during the reflux period weightofavailable polypropylene glycols,-.=-.i. e.,-v; polypropylene glycol 2025; polypropylene-1glycolw 1025, polypropylene glycol 2525, andzpolypropylwene glycol 1525. As previously pointed out these-w.- ethers, and for that matter the corresponding" glycols,'represent. cogeneric mixture is one whosestatistical averagemolecular weight'is the par-'5 1 ticlar weight indicated. Reference in the tablet-; is, ofcou-rse, 110 the hydroxyl; valuewmolecular was approximately 145 C. The amount of water weightffor the obvious' reasontha't this is the basisoa which distilled over was about 1 cc. At the end for calculating the amount of reactants required of the reaction period there was still a slight In all instances a small amount of 30% caustic acidity due tothe uncombined maleic acid radisoda solution was used asin'the more complete cals and the presence of the acid catalyst. A description-of 'Exa'mple -l b, andr.also ail-amount small amountcf 30% aqueous caustic soda was of toluene:sulfonicixacid.approximating 1%" of:the:.: added until sufficient hadbeen introduced to weight-tiofthe' glycol e'thenror"s1ightly.:1ess',::was z neutralize the acidity present. After this adused sin.the:esterificationrstep: A larger amount justment, 8 grams of powdered sodium bisulfite should not housed-because there.may*be:decom=...- er dd d, Apparently enough water had been positioniof theiiglyc'ol ether smallercamountsi-i" added to dissolve at l ast part of the sodium bicanzbeiusedfiof example, /2% or /1% basedon sulfite so that further addition of water was not the'iamount:ofxglycol ether: provided,however;. required. Needless to say, if no caustic soda soluthat the esterificationitimeis extended; tion was added to neutralize the acidity, then a The products obtained are comparable .to Tthfiilf little water should be added to dissolve at least initialc-uglycol ether in appearance-r: etc -i. :fe., partlor all-of the sodium bisulfite so as to give usually they are an amber color or atrleastzofaa .2 a saturatedtsolution. The reaction mixture was slight straw. color,androftensomewhat-thicker stirred heated for three hours. No further than the original glyc ei ThiS description effort. was made to have any refiuii take place dur-. app s f course, to materials after the m v ing this stage of the reaction for the obvious of the solventyi. e., the-'Xy1'e e 0f use-as de reason that if water were removed and if sodium mulsifiers there is no need to remove' the'xylene bisulfite were anhydrous there would be little or and it ay' e a n b d- Ob us y t 1 no opportunity for a. reaction period. This is also liqu ds than Xy b 115961111 esterificationll" necessary for the reason that sodium blsulfite bepmcedure- W f the 'b point is y gins to decompose at about 100 C. and this rehigher than Xylene there is dangerthatdecompo== action must be'conducted at a suitable temperasitionmay-take pla'ceunless theamountiof su tureiuntil the sodium bisulfite. has combined. fonicacid is reduced!Oth'er'cataly 1 8 4 Therefore, the xylene can be distilled over in the m ll a o o d y hyd c o w c d' ca be usual manner, removing any water with it and all used but it appears less desirable than-the sulthexylene can bereinoved by distillation, parfonic acid. Needless. to say, the:caustic soda soticularly ivacuum distillation. 40 lution used neutralizes the sulfonic acid catalyst-' The'same procedure was followed in connecpresent. tion with. a number of additional. examples, all The equipment used in esterificationprocedure"- of which are illustrated in the following table. 5 resin p O the k d e cr bed inU. "Sw which-gives the reactants, amounts employed, P te N d d c l 0 t0 temperature of esterification, .etc.. De Groote andKeiser. Any conventional equip TABLE 2 Max Max Y. 1 Esten- Re- I Kind and M01.- Amt. Amt... ltsten- Sod. B1- Reac- Ex. Dlcarboxy. Xylene ,ficat10nactloni Wt. of p. p. g. Used Used ficanon sulfite tion 1 O EtherUSed (grs) eac an (grs) u) l eIlg. (grs) Texan, g g

1b Propyl, 2,070 311 Maleic Anhyd 8 145 3% 8 95 3 2b .Propyl 770.... 121 1 8 45 139 4 8 80-95 4% 19b -M9thyl,2,540 9 00 4 8 80-95 4 205 '.Mcthyl,1,5-l0.-... 9 50 142 4% 8 80-95 4 In the above table the kind of ether is indicated ment can be used, either on a small-scale,- pilot bythe characterizing radical, i. e., propyl' or 70 plant scale, or larger scale 1 methyl. The actual ether alcohol was, of course, In the various examples preceding only. ones the corresponding polypropylene glycol ether, glycol ether. has been used in these cases. .Ac- 1. e., either the propyl ether or the methyl ether tuallythere is no reason why .onemay not-use. and. the figureindicates the molecular Weight two .difierent glycol ethers,-for -instance, an equi-..-.-- which in ageneral way corresponds to molecular. 75 molanmixture of two glycol ethers,onetfortexm.

ample having a molecular weight of 2000 and the other 3000; or one having a molecular weight of 1500 and the other 2500. Actually these glycol ethers are cogeneric mixtures at each selected molecular weight. If one does make a mixture of the kind here described actually three types of compounds will appear, one type in which both polycarboxy acid radicals are joined with the higher glycol ether, one type where both carboxyls are joined with the lower molecular weight glycol ether, and one type where one carboxyl is united to a higher molecular weight glycol ether, and the other one to a lower molecular weight glycol ether.

Other variations are obviously possible by using different radicals in the ether positions, such as methyl glycol ethers or propyl glycol others. For example, the same dicarboxy reactant can be used, such as maleic anhydride united with different ethers of the same glycol, for instance, the two previously mentioned, or the different ether groups might be joined to glycol of different molecular weights.

The products so obtained are peculiar (a) insofar that there is not present any radical having 8 or more uninterrupted carbon atoms, and (b) the compounds are not particularly effective as surface-active agents in the ordinary sense due either to the large molecular size or the absence of a hydrophobe radical of the kind previously referred to, or for some other reason which is obscure. The chemical compounds herein employed as demulsifiers have molecular weights varying from more than 1000 up to several thousands, for instance, 5000, 6000, or 7000, and yet contain only one sulfo radical. Utility of such compounds for industrial uses is rather unusual. They are not effective emulsifying agents, but are valuable as an additive or a promoter of emulsions. These compounds also have hydrotropic property and serve as common solvents in the preparation of micellar solutions. It is to be noted that they are free from terminal carboxyl radicals and thus differ from reagents obtained, for example, by treating one mole of a high molal polypropylene glycol with 2 moles of a dicarboxy acid.

As pointed out in the aforementioned co-pending application, Serial No. 186,683, filed September 25, 1950, now Patent 2,602,056, products of the kind above described are suitable for demulsification of petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type. Said aforementioned co-. pending application is directly concerned with this phase of the invention. However, the utility of these compounds is not limited to this particular field of application but I have found they are useful for other purposes, such as the following, and particularly as additives in the preparation of emulsions. Extremely dilute emulsions, for instance, those in which thedispersed phase is less than two-tenths of a per cent, and usually less than one-tenth of a per cent, have been prepared without using an emulsifying agent. The majority of emulsions, however, are prepared by the use of an emulsifying agent, and thus the emulsion system consists essentially of three ingredients. However, many technical emulsions actually have a fourth ingredient which may be an emulsifier of indifferent or inferior effect, but is valuable because it is a coupling agent or mutual solvent. See The Composition and Structure of Technical Emulsions, J. H. Goodey, Royal Australian Chem. Inst. J. and Proc., 16, 1949, pp. 47-75.

Other uses involve these compounds as breakinducers in the doctor treatment of sour hydrocarbons, as additives to lubricating oils of both the naturally-occurring petroleum type of lubricant and also synthetic lubricants which in many instances are largely polymerized alkylene oxides as described in U. S. Patent No. 2,448,664, dated September 7, 1948, to Fife et al.

Having thus described my invention what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:

l. Hydrophile synthetic products; said hydrophile synthetic products being characterized by the following formula:

is the divalent radical of an unsaturated dicarboxy acid selected from the class consisting of maleic acid, fumaric acid, and citraconic acid and has a structure selected from the class consisting of and structures, and n is a whole number varying from 12 to 80; R is a hydrocarbon radical having less than 8 carbon atoms; and with the further proviso that the polypropylene glycol ether prior to esterification be Water-insoluble and kerosenesoluble.

2. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid.

3. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid and the value of n corresponds to a polypropylene glycol of approximately 700 molecular weight.

4. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid and the value of 11. corresponds to a polypropylene glycol of approximately 1000 molecular weight.

5. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid and the value of 11. corresponds to a; polypropylene glycol of approximately 1500 molecular weight.

6. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid and the value of n corresponds to a. polypropylene glycol of approximately 2000 molecular weight.

7. The product of claim 1 wherein the dicarboxy acid is maleic acid and the value of n corresponds to a polypropylene glycol of approximately 2500 molecular weight.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATESPATENTS Number Name Date 2,072,085 De Groote et al Mar. 2, 1937 2,184,794 De Groote Dec. 26, 1939 2,301,609 Bonnet Nov. 10, 1942 2,305,067 De Groote Dec. 15, 1942 

1. HYDROPHILE SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS; SAID HYDROPHILE SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS BEING CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING FORMULA: 